Community biomass and life history benchmarks for coral reef fisheries

The status of fisheries requires establishing and evaluating benchmarks derived from unfished ecosystems. Habitats, environmental conditions, properties of the fish communities and management systems could potentially influence the variability surrounding benchmarks. Consequently, eighteen variables including habitat, number of species, life histories, thermal and productivity environments were tested for influences on reef fish biomass in 62 reefs within old high compliance closures along the east African coastline. Biomass and weighted life history characteristics were classified and described for total, fishable, target and non‐target groups. Benchmark biomass fell within a 95% confidence interval of ~1,030–1,250 kg/ha and equally distributed among target and non‐target groups. While some relationships were statistically significant, most were weak, poorly sampled (ocean exposed reefs), had uncertain relationships with biomass (number of species), or the explained variation was bounded within the above confidence intervals (habitat and environment). Therefore, a regional unfished biomass benchmark (B₀) of 1,150 and 560 kg/ha is recommended for total and target biomasses, respectively. Weighted life history metrics indicate that the target had slower life histories than the non‐target fish communities. Consequently, they will be fished unsustainably if yield recommendations are derived from the total, resilient or non‐target fish life history metrics. The intrinsic rates of increase (r) and target categorization of biomass were the most influential metrics in estimating yields.     

我国海洋牧场开发的相关问题探讨

我国海洋牧场开发近几年取得了重要进展。本文在简要介绍海洋牧场概念、我国海洋牧场开发历史与现状基础上,指出当前我国海洋牧场开发建设中尚存在布局不合理、选址不科学、结构类型单一、运营模式粗放、管理困难等突出问题和挑战,并从体制转变、制度完善、政策引导和技术创新等方面提出了对策建议。     

混凝土人工鱼礁选型的初步分析

人工鱼礁的选型优化包括对礁体材料和礁体构造的选择。参考目前现有人工鱼礁结构类型,选取混凝土为设计礁体材料,计算各礁体实体体积、空方体积、表面积及其重量,通过计算找出礁体各性能参数之间的关系。引入礁体每体积混凝土产生的空方体积(ε)和表面积(η)两个优化参数,来衡量礁体的性能。结果表明:框架形礁ε值相对较高,而异体形或组合鱼礁η值相对较高,说明框架形礁体单位体积混凝土产生流态效应最好,异体形或组合结构礁体单位混凝土附着面积较多。同时引入有效空方体积概念,进一步说明礁体结构与流态的关系。     

大亚湾不同波浪、水深与坡度条件下车叶型人工鱼礁的安全重量

基于小振幅波和力学理论,以车叶型鱼礁为对象,对其在大亚湾不同波浪(台风、十年一遇、二十五年一遇、五十年一遇)、不同水深(6～20 m)、不同海床坡度(10-1、30-1、50-1)及附着生物等多种条件下的安全性进行了研究分析,确定了车叶型鱼礁的安全重量和大亚湾海域适于其投放的水深范围.结果表明,安全重量在深于12 m的水深范围内变化平稳,而在较浅的水深特别是在波浪发生破碎的前后过程大小差异明显,表现出随水深变浅先变大后变小的波动特征,二十五年一遇的波浪条件下3种坡度的安全重量最大值分别为42.4、22.4和20.3 t,对应水深为10、12和14 m.坡度对礁体安全重量的影响非常明显,坡度越小,安全重量越轻,各种波浪条件下30-1与50-1下的安全重量随水深的变化特征相似,而10-1与30-1的差异远大于30-1与50 -1的差异.礁体的安全重量与波浪条件、水深和海床坡度有直接关系,水深过浅或海床坡度过大均可能导致礁体在较大波浪下失稳.从礁体稳定性与航道安全性两方面考虑,应选择大亚湾12 m以深、坡度平缓的水域,投放设计重量为22.4 t的车叶型人工鱼礁.     

等边三角型人工鱼礁礁体结构设计及其稳定性

在山东威海西港水产公司小石岛造礁工程投放的三角型礁的基础上,改良设计了等边三角型礁。礁体的尺寸为:等边三角型的边长2 m,宽3.3 m,重8.1 t。根据山东海区的波流状况,测量计算了礁体在8种波况和5种流速下所受到的最大作用力、抗漂移安全系数和抗翻滚安全系数。结果表明,该礁型在实际投放水深为15 m、波高为6 m时,可能失稳发生漂移,在其他波况下能较好地保持稳定;该礁型在投放水深15 m、流速达到1 m/s时,仍能保持稳定,无漂移和翻滚现象。此外,在计算的基础上,对礁体的稳定性进行了观察试验,观察结论与计算结果基本相符。     

Assessment of rocky reef fish assemblages close to seaweed farming

The seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty ex P. C. Silva, a red algal species, is the main global source of Kappa carrageenan. The introduction of such exotic species in regions outside their original locale can change the community structure of the areas into which they are introduced. The possible influence of seaweed farming on the rocky reef fish assemblage was assessed in Paraty, Brazil. The reef fish assemblage in the seaweed farming area was compared before and after the commencement of farming with two undisturbed control areas. Among the ten species ranked as the most frequently occurring in each area, eight were the same. The fish community structure close to the seaweed farming area did not change from that of the control areas, over the months of the study. Neither the fish diversity and richness indices, nor the total average abundance among areas was significantly altered. The average abundance of the different trophic groups varied over time in both the farm and control areas, revealing similar patterns. These results suggest that K. alvarezii can be cultivated up to at least 50 m from a rocky coast without altering the fish community structure of the surrounding waters.     

不同水泥类型混凝土人工鱼礁的生物附着效果

为研究不同水泥类型混凝土人工鱼礁对生物附着效果的影响,本研究在青岛薛家岛海域进行礁体挂板实验,水泥类型包括复合硅酸盐水泥(P.C)、矿渣硅酸盐水泥(P.S)、火山灰质硅酸盐水泥(P.P)、粉煤灰硅酸盐水泥(P.F)和铝酸盐水泥(CA),2015年9月完成海上挂板.结果显示,2015年11月第1次取样,不同材质人工鱼礁上的附着生物量从大到小依次为P.P、P.S、CA、P.F和P.C,生物量分别为888.29、755.43、752.07、620.11和402.01 g/m2;生物种类分别为P.ES上7种,P.F、P.P和CA上各5种,P.C上3种.2016年3月,CA、P.P、P.F、P.EC和ES上的生物量分别为1956.94、1601.44、1453.06、1254.63和1072.43 g/m2;生物种类由多到少为P.F、CA、P.S、P.P、P.C,种类分别为17、15、12、11、8.2015年11月,Pielou均匀度指数J为CA＞P.P＞P.F＞P.C＞P.S;2016年3月为P.S＞P.F＞P.P＞CA＞P.C.2015年1 1月,附着生物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')为CA＞P.P＞P.F＞P.C＞P.S;2016年3月依次为P.S＞P.F＞P.P＞CA＞P.C.研究表明,5种混凝土鱼礁中,铝酸盐水泥(CA)及粉煤灰硅酸盐水泥(P.F)人工鱼礁生物附着效果好,复合硅酸盐水泥(P.C)生物附着效果较差.     

Is Guam a regional source,destination, or stepping‐stone for larvae of three fisheries species?

The pelagic larval duration (PLD) period of fish can influence dispersal, recruitment, and population connectivity, thereby potentially informing best strategies for fisheries management. Computer models were used to simulate the dispersal of larvae of three species, representing a range of PLDs, from the Pacific island of Guam and neighboring islands for a 9‐year period (2004–2012) to gain insight into the best management strategies for these species. The species included two springtime spawners with shorter and longer PLDs, scribbled rabbitfish (Siganus spinus; 33 days) and yellowfin goatfish (Mulloidichthys flavolineatus; ~90 days maximum), and a fall spawner with a similarly long PLD, bluespine unicornfish (Naso unicornis; ~94 days maximum). An ocean circulation model coupled with a particle dispersal model provided simulated numbers of larvae settling at each island in relation to the island where they were spawned. Graph analysis was used to examine generational connections between islands. For S. spinus, self‐seeding was the dominant means of replenishment at Guam. Local management actions to maintain adequate spawning stock may be a primary control on long‐term sustainability for that fishery. In contrast, N. unicornis and M. flavolineatus populations at Guam were reliant on outside sources for 92%–98% of larval supply. For them, identifying and negotiating the preservation of upstream spawning potential in the Marshall Islands and Federated States of Micronesia will be needed. Guam played a relatively minor role in generational connectivity across the region. Shortest paths spanning the region often did not pass through Guam, or there were equally short paths through other islands.     

Weaknesses in stock assessment modelling and management practices affect fisheries sustainability

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